SCIENTIA SINICA Informationis, Volume 51 , Issue 8 : 1255(2021) https://doi.org/10.1360/SSI-2020-0360

## Automatic $\rm~G_{~}^{1}$ arc spline approximation via sparse representation

• AcceptedMar 4, 2021
• PublishedAug 3, 2021
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### Supplement

Appendix

sect. 3.3 小节中, 曲率的离散公式 1 关于数据点已经是非线性的, 拟梯度变换矩阵 肯定更加复杂.

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• Figure 1

(Color online) The sparsity in arc spline.(a) $\rm~G_{}^{1}$ continuous arc spline (curve) and sampling points (black points);(b) curvatures of sampling points;(c) the quasi gradients of the sampling points, where the nonzero values correspond to joint points

• Figure A1

(Color online) The effectiveness of transformation matrix. (a) Theoretical curvature values of sampling points. (b) Theoretical quasi gradient values of curvatures. (c) Approximate curvature values calculated by transformation matrix $\mathcal{T}$. (d) Approximate quasi gradient values of curvatures calculated by transformation matrix $\mathcal{D}$. Except for a few redundant points, the approximate values are consistent with the theoretical values. In the actual optimization process, the redundant points are processed according to the method described in Figure 5without affecting the approximation results

• Figure 2

(Color online) Arc spline approximation based on sparse representation. Given an ordered data set (a), the optimization aims for as few arcs (b) as possible to approximate (a). $A_j$ is the $j$-th arc corresponding to two joint points ${\boldsymbol~s}_{j}$ and ${\boldsymbol~s}_{j+1}$. $P({\boldsymbol~s}_{j},{\boldsymbol~s}_{j+1})$ indicates the data points in $P$ between ${\boldsymbol~s}_{j}$ and ${\boldsymbol~s}_{j+1}$

• Figure 3

(Color online) The sparsity of curvature radiuses at sampling points on the arc spline in Figure 1(a). (a) Curvature radiuses of sampling points; (b) quasi gradients of curvature radiuses

• Figure 4

(Color online) The flow chart of automatic $\rm~G_{}^{1}$ continuous arc spline approximation based on sparse representation.Given a set of data points (a), the global $\ell_1$ sparse optimization problem eq:ASinitialautomatically segments (a) to initialize the arc spline (b), coupled with the local modification of joint points (c), the $\rm~G_{}^{1}$ continuous arc spline is obtained

• Figure 5

(Color online) S explanation of $\ell_1$ sparse optimization problem. Input the sampling points of leaf curve (Figure 4(a)), (a) is the approximation point set by solving problem eq:ASinitial. Its curvature (b) and quasi gradient (c) are computed respectively with transformations $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{D}$. Compared with the theoretical performance in Figure 1, there are a few redundant points which will be grouped to any neighboring arc

• Figure 6

(Color online) The trend of the optimization error of the leaf line (Figure 4)

• Figure 7

(Color online) The approximation results of Bézier curves in bisection algorithm [5]using our method. protectłinebreak (a) Bézier curve 1; (b) Bézier curve 2

• Figure 8

(Color online) Approximation results of more types of curves. (a) B-spline 1; (b) B-spline 2;(c) polynomial; (d) plum line; (e) loop line; (f) section contour of Eight model

• Table 1   The approximation data comparison of our method and the bisection algorithm
rr Bézier curves $N_{\rm~Arc}$ $e$ Our method Bisection algorithm [5] Our method Bisection algorithm [5] Bézier curve 1 5 10 $5.0159\times10^{-7}$ $1.0000\times10^{-3}$ Bézier curve 2 2 14 $6.4544\times10^{-5}$ $9.6696\times10^{-5}$
•

Algorithm 1 Sparse arc spline approximation

Require:Sampling points $P$ of curves;

Step 1. Global sparse arc spline approximation;

Read the sampling points $P$ and calculate $C$, $R$, $\{i_l\}_{l=1}^{m+1}$ by eq:ASinitial;

Step 2. Local modification;

Modify joint points $S$ and $\{C,R\}$ using Gauss-Seidel method;

Step 2.1. Fix $\{C,R\}$ and solve $S$-subproblem;

Update $\{i_l\}_{l=1}^{m+1}$ by finding the subscript of the closest point according to the location of the joint point;

Step 2.2. Fix $S$ and introduce auxiliary variable $U$; $U$ and $\{C,R\}$ are solved after three iterations;

Update the center and radius of each arc according to the new joint points.

After Steps 2.1 and 2.2 iterate about 8 times, the algorithm converges and outputs;Output: Centers $C$, radiuses $R$, subscripts $\{i_l\}_{l=1}^{m+1}$ of joint points, approximation error $e$.

• Table 2   Experimental data $^{\rm~a)}$
 Curves $N_P$ $\varepsilon$ $N_{\rm~Arc}$ $e$ $t$ (s) Bézier curve 1 1000 0.0001 5 $5.0159\times10^{-7}$ 15.0975 Bézier curve 2 1000 0.0005 2 $6.6544\times10^{-5}$ 12.3846 Leaf line 1000 0.0001 7 $4.7171\times10^{-7}$ 16.9222 B-spline 1 1000 0.0008 9 $5.8841\times10^{-6}$ 16.7884 B-spline 2 1000 0.0008 11 $8.7299\times10^{-6}$ 22.1343 Polynomial 2000 0.0001 8 $2.8000\times10^{-3}$ 20.1243 Plum line 4700 0.00008 30 $2.9000\times10^{-3}$ 76.8150 Loop line 1000 0.0008 7 $1.3867\times10^{-5}$ 13.3155 Section contour of Eight model 1000 0.0001 20 $3.3010\times10^{-8}$ 32.7293

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