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Figure 1
(Color online) Products and research records of single carrier interface rates and WDM capacities
Figure 2
(Color online) Key technologies promote continuous improvement of transmission capacity and distance
Figure 3
(Color online) Five development directions of optical fiber communication
Figure 4
(Color online) Five physical dimensions to improve the capacity of optical fiber communication system
Figure 5
(Color online) The architecture and composition of flexible optical network
Figure 6
(Color online) Evolution steps of ultra-strong intelligent optical network based on IP and optical cross layer cooperation
Figure 7
(Color online) WDM$\times~$SDM resource matrix and array integration technology supporting SDM transmission
Figure 8
(Color online) Possible future spatial switching node architecture for WDM$\times~$SDM networks
| Capacity (Tb/s) | Modulation format | Band | SE (bit/s/Hz) | Distance (km) | Institution | Year |
| 64 | 107G-PDM-36QAM | C, L | 8 | 320 | Bell Lab | 2010 |
| 69 | 171.2G-PDM-16QAM | C, L+ | 6.4 | 240 | NTT Lab | 2010 |
| 101.7 | 294G-PDM-128QAM-OFDM | C, L | 11 | 165 | NEC Lab | 2011 |
| 102.3 | 548G-PDM-64QAM-SC-FDM | C, L+ | 9.1 | 240 | NTT Lab | 2012 |
| 63 | 183.3-PDM-OFDM-16QAM | C, L | 6.85 | 160 | WRI | 2013 |
| 100.3 | 320.7G-PDM-128QAM-DFTS OFDM | C, L | 10.7 | 80 | WRI | 2014 |
| 66 | Single carrier 2048QAM | C, L | 15.3 | 150 | Tohoku University | 2015 |
| 115 | 460G-PCS-64QAM | S, C, L | 9.2 | 100 | Bell Lab | 2017 |
| 120 | 385G-PDM-256QAM | C, L | 10.99 | 630 | Xtera Communications | 2018 |
| 150.3 | PDM-128QAM | S, C, L | 11.05 | 40 | NTT Lab | 2018 |
| Capacity (Tb/s) | Modulation format | Mode | SE (bit/s/Hz) | Distance (km) | Institution | Year |
| 57.6 | PDM-QPSK | 3 | 12 | 119 | TU Eindhoven | 2012 |
| 24.6 | PDM-16QAM | 12 | 32 | 177 | Bell Lab | 2013 |
| 21.6 | PDM-16QAM | 15 | 43.63 | 22.8 | Bell Lab | 2015 |
| 115.2 | PDM-QPSK | 10 | 29 | 125 | Bell Lab | 2015 |
| 200 | PDM-DFTS-OFDM-32QAM | 3 | 21.375 | 1 | WRI | 2015 |
| 266.1 | PDM-16QAM | 6 | 36.7 | 90.4 | KDDI Lab | 2018 |
| 280 | PDM-64QAM | 3 | 30 | 93.34 | NICT | 2018 |
| 402.7 | PDM-16QAM | 10 | 47 | 48 | KDDI Lab | 2019 |
| Capacity (Tb/s) | Modulation format | Core | SE (bit/s/Hz) | Distance (km) | Institution | Year |
| 112 | PDM-QPSK | 7 | 14 | 76.8 | OFS Lab | 2011 |
| 305 | PDM-QPSK | 19 | 30.5 | 10.1 | NICT | 2012 |
| 1010 | PDM-32QAM | 12 | 91.4 | 52 | NTT Lab | 2012 |
| 110 | PDM-QPSK | 7 | 22.4 | 6370 | KDDI Lab | 2013 |
| 2150 | PDM-64QAM | 22 | 215.6 | 31 | NICT | 2015 |
| 560 | DFT-s PDM-OFDM-32QAM | 7 | 59.95 | 10 | WRI | 2016 |
| 1060 | PDM-16QAM-OFDM | 19 | 113 | 1 | WRI | 2018 |
| 596 | PDM-16/256QAM | 4 | 42.67 | 54 | NICT | 2020 |
| Capacity (Tb/s) | Modulation format | Mode/Core | SE (bit/s/Hz) | Distance (km) | Institution | Year |
| 1050 | PDM-32QAM-OFDM | 2/12 | 109 | 3 | NEC Lab | 2012 |
| 2050 | DP-QPSK | 6/19 | 456 | 9.8 | KDDI Lab | 2016 |
| 1200 | PDM-256QAM | 3/4 | 130.4 | 3.37 | NICT | 2018 |
| 10160 | PDM-64QAM | 6/19 | 1099.9 | 11.31 | KDDI Lab | 2018 |
| 10660 | PDM-64/256QAM | 3/38 | 1158.7 | 13 | NICT | 2020 |
| Capacity (Tb/s) | Distance (km) | Capacity$\times~$Distance (Tb/s$\times~$km) | Fiber | Institution | Year |
| 30 | 6630 | 198900 | Single-mode | TE SubCom | 2012 |
| 44.1 | 9100 | 401310 | Single-mode | TE SubCom | 2013 |
| 54 | 9150 | 494100 | Single-mode | TE SubCom | 2014 |
| 52.2 | 10230 | 534000 | Single-mode | TE SubCom | 2015 |
| 140.7 | 7326 | 1025000 | Multi-core (7) | KDDI Lab | 2015 |
| 65 | 6600 | 429000 | Single-mode | Bell Lab | 2016 |
| 70.46 | 7600 | 535496 | Single-mode | TE SubCom | 2017 |
| 51.5 | 17107 | 881010 | Single-mode | TE SubCom | 2017 |
| 25.4 | 10285 | 261239 | Single-mode | Bell Lab | 2018 |
| 314.5 | 8007 | 2518201.5 | Multi-core (19) | NICT | 2019 |
| 130.8 | 12700 | 1661160 | Multi-core (12) | TE Subsea | 2019 |
| Communications LLC | |||||
| 172 | 2040 | 350880 | Multi-core (3) | NICT | 2020 |
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