National Programs for Nano-Key Project(2017YFA0206700)
the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB1502100)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21835004)
111 Project from the Ministry of Education of China(B12015)
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
Nankai University(63191711,63191416)
This work was supported by the National Programs for Nano-Key Project (2017YFA0206700), the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFB1502100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21835004), 111 Project from the Ministry of Education of China (B12015) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Nankai University (63191711 and 63191416).
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Yan Z, Cheng F and Chen J proposed the topic and outline of the manuscript. Chen X, Li H, and Yan Z collected the related information and wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the general discussion and revision.
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Figure 1
Overview of silicon-based anode for LIBs: fundamental challenges, recent structure design strategies toward commercialization, and failure mechanism analysis technologies.
Figure 2
Statistical analysis of the publications on silicon anode in last three decades. The data was up to May 1, 2019.
Figure 3
The crystal structures of silicon (a), lithium (b) and Li22Si5 (c). Redraw phase diagram of Li–Si system (d). Reprinted with permission from Ref.
Figure 4
Timeline of selected important breakthroughs in the silicon-based anode.
Figure 5
Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of different nanostructured silicons for LIBs: (a) 0D nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from Ref.
Figure 6
Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of Si-C composites and the corresponding morphologies or microstructures for LIBs: (a) Core-shell Si@N-C. Reproduced with permission from Ref.
Figure 7
Si-metal composites. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of Cu-Si alloy structures, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of CuO/amorphous-Si core-shell structure and the long term cycling performance at
Figure 8
Metal oxides coating on silicon. (a) Schematic illustration for the fabrication process of the unique core-shell nanostructure of the Si@TiO2 composite. TEM and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of the Si@TiO2 composite. Cycling performance of the Si@TiO2 composite and contrast samples at
Figure 9
(a) Schematic illustration of the 3D porous PANi-Si electrodes, TEM of the SiNPs coated with PANi polymer layer and cycling performance of the PANi-Si composite electrode and contrast materials at current of
Figure 10
(a) AFM image of the as-fabricated array with a diameter of 1000, 500, 300, 200 and
Figure 11
(a) Schematic of surface reactions and cycle behaviors of silicon nanoparticles with different coating conditions and captured
Figure 12
(a) Schematics of the Si nanowire-composite based cell for the
Figure 13
(a) Schematic figure of a cell for
Active materials | Synthesis method | Mass loading (mg cm−2) | First cycle capacity (mA h g−1) (A g−1) | Initial Coulombicefficiency | No. cycles with 80% capacity retention |
Mic-Si/graphene cage | Ultrasonication | 0.8 | 3300 (0.05) | 93.2% | No decrease after 100 cycles |
Hierarchically porous Si | Dispersed in ethanol and cast | 1 | 1850 (0.42) | 87% | 60 |
Si NPs | Stirring for | 2.0–2.5 | 2500 (0.05) | 85% | 15 |
Si NPs | Solution processes | 0.3–0.4 | 1200 (1.0) | 70% | 180 |
SiMP | Condensation reaction | 0.5–0.7 | 3200 (0.5) | 80% | 80 |
Si/C | CVD | 1.8 | 2277 (0.42) | 90% | 16 |
p-Si/C | Magnesiothermic reduction | 1.1 | 2500 (2.6) | 75% | 10 |
Si nanorods | Self-templating synthesis | 1.1 | 2705 (0.25) | 60.5% | No decrease after 500 cycles |
PG-Si | Chemical reduction ordecompose | 1 | 1464 (0.2) | 58% | 70 |
Si/C | CVD | 1–5 | 3207 (0.05) | 79% | No decrease after 100 cycles |
Mesoporous Si | Pyrolysis | 0.5 | 2660 (0.5) | 72.8% | 175 |
SiO/G/C | Heat treatment | 2 | 905 (1.0) | 68.1% | No decrease after 200 cycles |
SiO2 nanowires | Pyrolysis | 1.0 | 2215 (0.5) | 88% | 10 |
Si@C | Pyrolysis | 0.5 | 2936 (0.09) | 85% | 10 |
MHSiO2@C | Pyrolysis | 1.73–1.91 | 880 (0.5) | 68% | 5 |
Si@TiO2 | Sonication and pyrolysis | 0.8 | 1562 (2.1) | 65.8% | 68 |
HSi@C | Reduce HSiO2 | 0.7 | 1970 (2.0) | 52.4 | No decrease after 200 cycles |
CNT-Si | Etching by HF | 1.3 | 2213 (0.42) | 83.4% | 50 |
Mesoporous Si | Pyrolysis | 0.7–1.2 | 2789 (0.36) | 64.1% | 70 |
Ferrosilicon | High energy ball milling | 0.5 | 1250 (0.4) | 88% | No decrease after 100 cycles |
Si/C | Thermal decomposition | 0.6–1 | 1992 (0.2) | 60% | 110 |
Si-SHP | Ultrasonication | 1.13 | 2850 | 80% | 25 |
Si@GO | 3D tomography | 1.2 | 2900 (0.42) | 94% | 70 |
Si/graphene | Mechanical stirring | 2 | 879 (0.05) | 58.6% | 6 |