SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences, Volume 63 , Issue 11 : 212205(2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-020-2827-9

## An evolutionary autoencoder for dynamic community detection

• AcceptedMar 12, 2020
• PublishedSep 28, 2020
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### Acknowledgment

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1803263, 6197618, 11931015, 81961138010) and Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (Grant Nos. cstc2018jcyjAX0274, cstc2019- jcyj-zdxmX0025), Key Area RD Program of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2019B010137004), Key Area RD Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2019ZDLGY17-07), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 3102019PJ006).

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• Figure 1

(Color online) The overview of the sE-Autoencoder algorithm, which consists of (a) adjacent matrix $A_t$ construction, (b) similarity matrix $S_t$ construction, (c) deep nonlinear reconstruction based on the stacked autoencoder, protectłinebreak (d) the potential community structure and the previous clustering, as the prior information, which are reconstructed in the semi-supervised autoencoder based on the evolutionary clustering framework, (e) the low dimension representation based on the feature extraction, (f) nonlinear mapping which fulfills the real-world feature, and (g) $K$-means adopted to discover community structure in nonlinear representation. There is a significant difference between nonlinear properties of the real-world and the linear mapping based on the NMF highlighted by the gray background. In contrast to the NMF, the nonlinear feature embodied in our proposed method is more suitable for characterizing the real social networks.

• Figure 2

(Color online) The process of constructing the similarity matrix. A network at $t$ is first converted as an adjacent matrix $A$. Then the similarity matrix $S_{t}$ is computed by (2). More specifically, the numbers of neighbor nodes ${\rm~Neighbor}(v_{i})$ and ${\rm~Neighbor}(v_{j})$ are computed in $v_{i}$ and $v_{j}$, respectively. The common neighbor nodes are obtained by the intersection between ${\rm~Neighbor}(v_{i})$ and ${\rm~Neighbor}(v_{j})$.

• Figure 3

(Color online) An example of the autoencoder. The input ${\boldsymbol~S}$ is obtained by (2). The process of encoding maps the similarity matrix ${\boldsymbol~S}$ to a low-dimension embedding ${\boldsymbol~H}$ by (3). The process of decoding restores the latent representation ${\boldsymbol~H}$ to the matrix ${\boldsymbol~M}$ by (4). The low-dimensional encoding ${\boldsymbol~H}$ in the hidden layer of the autoencoder block is known as a community-oriented network representation. We adopt $K$-means to detect the ${\boldsymbol~H}$ community structure. The same color represents the same community. Thus the network $G_{t}$ has discovered two communities.

• Figure 4

(Color online) Comparisons of NMI and ERROR among different algorithms on SYN dataset in which the average degree is 16 and $Z$ = 5. sE-Autoencoder outperforms other algorithms at every time step. Similarly, the low ERROR indicates that our proposed method has better robustness. (a) NMI when $nC$% = 10%; (b) NMI when $nC$% = 30%; (c) ERROR when $nC$% = 10%; (d) ERROR when $nC$% = 30%.

• Figure 5

(Color online) Comparisons of NMIand ERRORamong different algorithms on SYN dataset in which the average degree is 16 and $Z$ = 6. Although sE-Autoencoder has a little fluctuation as time goes on, such a method demonstrates the capacity of detecting dynamic community structure. In values of ERROR sE-Autoencoder performs more effectively than other algorithms expect for PisCES. (a) NMI when $nC%=10%$; (b) NMI when $nC%=30%$; (c) ERROR when $nC%=10%$; (d) ERROR when $nC%=30%$.

• Figure 6

(Color online) Comparisons of NMI, Qand Damong different algorithms on SYN-FIX dataset. The NMI values of sE-Autoencoder, ESPRA, GenLouvain, DECS and L-DMGAPSO are always 1 in (a). When $Z=5$, sE-Autoencoder, ESPRA, GenLouvain, DECS and L-DMGAPSO almost detect original dynamic communities and their curves are overlapped, while the accuracy of other algorithms decreases slightly. (a) NMI when $Z$ = 3; (b) $Q$ when $Z$ = 3; (c) $D$ when $Z$ = 3; protect łinebreak (d) NMI when $Z$ = 5; (e) $Q$ when $Z$ = 5; (f) $D$ when $Z$ = 5.

• Figure 7

(Color online) Comparisons of NMI, Qand Damong different algorithms on SYN-VAR dataset. Although the values of $Q$ and $D$ are the same in both sE-Autoencoder and GenLouvain, our method performs better than GenLouvain in (a). In (b) and (c), PisCES slightly precedes our method in the first time step, but sE-Autoencoder and GenLouvain are superior to comparable methods in residual time steps. These curves reveal that sE-Autoencoder has great capacity and stability. (a) NMI when $Z$ = 3; (b) $Q$ when $Z$ = 3; (c) $D$ when $Z$=3; (d) NMI when $Z$ = 5; (e) $Q$ when $Z$ = 5; (f) $D$ when $Z$ = 5.

• Figure 8

(Color online) Comparisons of NMI among different algorithms on SYN-EVENT dataset. sE-Autoencoder is more efficient than other algorithms in most time steps. Although sE-NMF approximates our method in (c), our method performs effectively in (a), (b) and (d). (a) Birth and death; (b) expansion and contraction; (c) intermittent communties; (d) merging and splitting.

• Figure 9

(Color online) Results of community detection from time step 1 to 9 with an interval of 2 on SYN-FIX dataset. The exchanging flows depict the changes of members of communities. The same color represents the same community at $t$ time step. The same shape denotes vertexes in the same community at $t-2$ time step. Every community has a tiny change, which conforms with the evolutionary clustering framework.

• Figure 10

(Color online) Running time of the sE-Autoencoder algorithm against (a) the number of vertexes in the networks, and (b) density of the networks.

• Table 1

Table 1Datasets and their layers configuration$^{\rm~a)}$

 Datasets $|V|$ $|E|$ $T$ Layers configuration – SYN 128 19950 20 128-64-32-16 – SYN-FIX 128 10240 10 128-64-32-16 – SYN-VAR 256 30562 10 256-128-64-32 – SYN-EVENT 2000 94486 10 2000-1024-512-256 $G_{1}$ Cellphone Calls 400 9834 10 400-256-128-64 $G_{2}$ Enron Mail 151 33124 12 151-128-64-32 $G_{3}$ High School 327 188508 9 327-256-128-64 $G_{4}$ Hospital 75 32424 9 75-64-32-16 $G_{5}$ Hypertext 113 20818 5 113-64-32-16 $G_{6}$ Java 376 40915 66 376-256-128-64 $G_{7}$ Rados 167 82927 10 167-128-64-32

a

• Table 2

Table 2Performance on real-world datasets$^{\rm~a)}$

 2*Method ${\rm~NMI}_{\rm~avg}$ cmidrule (lr)2-8 $G_{1}$ $G_{2}$ $G_{3}$ $G_{4}$ $G_{5}$ $G_{6}$ $G_{7}$ sE-Autoencoder 0.6816 0.5786 0.7413 0.3426 0.4062 0.8762 0.3825 sE-NMF 0.2851 0.4647 0.5469 0.1053 0.0124 0.5129 0.1373 DYNMOGA 0.4367 0.5107 0.6983 0.1590 0.0681 0.7972 0.0959 FacetNet 0.3753 0.5184 0.7241 0.1651 0.0312 0.6440 0.1629 ESPRA 0.3445 0.4837 0.6998 0.2417 0.2099 0.7373 0.1550 GenLouvain 0.2903 0.5781 0.7321 0.3673 0.1457 0.7607 0.2171 PisCES 0.2025 0.2974 0.6443 0.0878 0.0149 0.6726 0.1626 DECS 0.6059 0.5783 0.5285 0.3661 0.2245 0.7499 0.2602 L-DMGAPSO 0.4778 0.4761 0.6752 0.1431 0.0709 0.7589 0.1228

a

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