SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences, Volume 63 , Issue 9 : 190202(2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-019-2844-3

## Investigating the dynamic memory effect of human drivers via ON-LSTM

• AcceptedFeb 29, 2020
• PublishedAug 13, 2020
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### Acknowledgment

This work was supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018AAA0101400), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61790565), Science and Technology Innovation Committee of Shenzhen (Grant No. JCYJ20170818092931604), and Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Intelligent and Automated Connected Vehicles (Grant No. ICRI-IACV).

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• Figure 1

(Color online) The illustration of the hierarchical updating logic of ON-LSTM. (a) The hierarchical update when $\boldsymbol{\omega}_t$ does not approximate to zero vector; (b) the hierarchical update when $\boldsymbol{\omega}_t$ approximates to zero vector; (c) the hierarchical updating process and the corresponding constituency tree of a specific sequence.

• Figure 2

(Color online) The variations of $f_{\rm~mas}$ and $i_{\rm~mas}$ before and after a lane change operation is performed. Note that the values in the figure have been normalized.

• Figure 3

(Color online) The statistics of the captured memory effects in the testing set. (a) The proportion of significant memory effects of different behavior change relationships. The coordinate values in the figure respectively indicate different driving behaviors, specifically, MLL: $-2$; LLC: $-1$; GS: 0; RLC: 1; MRL: 2. (b) The distribution of the time deviation between the labeled behavior change point and the estimated start time of the memory effect.

• Figure 4

(Color online) The statistics of the estimated ETR of the captured driving fluctuations (grouped by the $F_{\rm~mas}$ at the beginning of the memory effect). (a) $F_{\rm~mas}\in~(0,0.67]$, 1760 cases in total; (b) $F_{\rm~mas}\in(0.67,0.73]$, 3639 cases in total; (c) $F_{\rm~mas}\in(0.73,0.78]$, 1240 cases in total; (d) $F_{\rm~mas}\in(0.78,0.83]$, 477 cases in total; (e) $F_{\rm~mas}\in(0.83,1]$, 359 cases in total; (f) the boxplot of the descent rate of $f_{\rm~mas}$ during the memory effect.

• Figure 5

(Color online) The statistics of the estimated ETR of the captured motion change operations.

• Table 1

Table 1RMS values of prediction error

 Prediction horizon (s) RMS value (m) C-LSTM ON-LSTM 1 0.54 0.48 2 1.17 1.04 3 1.90 1.71 4 2.73 2.50 5 3.67 3.43 6 4.70 4.40

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