Since the industrial revolution, the growing global climate problem, caused by the gradual increase of CO2, the main greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, has prompted a large number of research and development projects to explore various methods of CO2 valorization to contribute to sustainable development. As it is also an abundant renewable C1 resource, CO2 can catalytically be converted into chemicals, energy products, and functional materials to achieve the resource utilisation process of “turning waste into treasure and utilising it in a high-value way”, providing an effective way to alleviate the dependence on fossil resources for the production of chemical products. These technologies play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in providing alternative feedstock to prepare essential products and substitute fossil fuel-based raw materials in several key industry sectors. Therefore, the research on CO2 chemistry for resource utilisation is of great significance and application prospect for sustainable development.
In general, CO2 valorization faces thermodynamic and kinetic challenges. In view of thermodynamic low-energy state of CO2, energy input is generally the basis for its conversion. And in consideration of the relative inertness of CO2 kinetics, activation of CO2 molecule to accelerate the reaction rate and improvement of product selectivity makes the conversion reaction feasible. We attempt to summarize and analyze the scientific basis of CO2 energy issue, activation mechanism and rational design of effective catalysts for CO2 conversion reactions from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Additionally, we propose corresponding CO2 transformation pathways. Rational design of catalysts based on activation and reaction mechanism is crucial to achieve selective conversion of CO2 into the desired products with full specificity. The development of appropriate conversion pathways and renewable energy-driven conversion reactions has become the frontier area and trend in this exciting field.
Based on the understanding of the activation principle of CO2 molecules and the analysis of the conversion pathway, this review comprehensively introduces the state of the art advancement on CO2 utilization and analyses the challenges faced in these fields. Firstly, the traditional thermocatalytic conversion and reaction types are summarised, and the main reaction types include CO2 catalytic hydrogenation reactions, new C–C/C–O bonds formation with CO2, and their cyclization reactions, such as carbonylation, carboxylation, cyclization, and reductive functionalization reactions. Electrocatalytic CO2 conversion can store excess renewable and clean electrical energy as chemical energy and achieve oxidation or reduction reactions directly through electron gain or loss, avoiding the use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants or reductants at source. Photocatalytic systems, on the other hand, satisfy the thermodynamic requirements needed for the reaction by absorbing high-energy photons into an excited state, and then complete the reaction by lowering the reaction overpotential or energy barrier through energy transfer, electron transfer, and photo-promoted hydrogen atom transfer. In this article, the electric and light-driven CO2 reduction and CO2-involved organic reactions are briefly introduced, along with the application of biocatalysis and plasma catalytic technologies in CO2 utilization, while strategies such as process coupling/intensification and relay catalysis are also emphasized accordingly. In summary, understanding those scientific fundaments would be a prerequisite to develop new reactions, methodologies and advanced technologies, thus resulting in facilitating production of CO2-derived products in a large scale in industry. As reported, we will not reach climate neutrality without carbon capture and utilization as climate-mitigating solutions.
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Since the industrial revolution, the growing global climate problem, caused by the gradual increase of CO2, the main greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, has prompted a large number of research and development projects to explore various methods of CO2 valorization to contribute to sustainable development. As it is also an abundant renewable C1 resource, CO2 can catalytically be converted into chemicals, energy products, and functional materials to achieve the resource utilisation process of “turning waste into treasure and utilising it in a high-value way”, providing an effective way to alleviate the dependence on fossil resources for the production of chemical products. These technologies play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in providing alternative feedstock to prepare essential products and substitute fossil fuel-based raw materials in several key industry sectors. Therefore, the research on CO2 chemistry for resource utilisation is of great significance and application prospect for sustainable development.
In general, CO2 valorization faces thermodynamic and kinetic challenges. In view of thermodynamic low-energy state of CO2, energy input is generally the basis for its conversion. And in consideration of the relative inertness of CO2 kinetics, activation of CO2 molecule to accelerate the reaction rate and improvement of product selectivity makes the conversion reaction feasible. We attempt to summarize and analyze the scientific basis of CO2 energy issue, activation mechanism and rational design of effective catalysts for CO2 conversion reactions from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Additionally, we propose corresponding CO2 transformation pathways. Rational design of catalysts based on activation and reaction mechanism is crucial to achieve selective conversion of CO2 into the desired products with full specificity. The development of appropriate conversion pathways and renewable energy-driven conversion reactions has become the frontier area and trend in this exciting field.
Based on the understanding of the activation principle of CO2 molecules and the analysis of the conversion pathway, this review comprehensively introduces the state of the art advancement on CO2 utilization and analyses the challenges faced in these fields. Firstly, the traditional thermocatalytic conversion and reaction types are summarised, and the main reaction types include CO2 catalytic hydrogenation reactions, new C–C/C–O bonds formation with CO2, and their cyclization reactions, such as carbonylation, carboxylation, cyclization, and reductive functionalization reactions. Electrocatalytic CO2 conversion can store excess renewable and clean electrical energy as chemical energy and achieve oxidation or reduction reactions directly through electron gain or loss, avoiding the use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants or reductants at source. Photocatalytic systems, on the other hand, satisfy the thermodynamic requirements needed for the reaction by absorbing high-energy photons into an excited state, and then complete the reaction by lowering the reaction overpotential or energy barrier through energy transfer, electron transfer, and photo-promoted hydrogen atom transfer. In this article, the electric and light-driven CO2 reduction and CO2-involved organic reactions are briefly introduced, along with the application of biocatalysis and plasma catalytic technologies in CO2 utilization, while strategies such as process coupling/intensification and relay catalysis are also emphasized accordingly. In summary, understanding those scientific fundaments would be a prerequisite to develop new reactions, methodologies and advanced technologies, thus resulting in facilitating production of CO2-derived products in a large scale in industry. As reported, we will not reach climate neutrality without carbon capture and utilization as climate-mitigating solutions.
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Since the industrial revolution, the growing global climate problem, caused by the gradual increase of CO2, the main greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, has prompted a large number of research and development projects to explore various methods of CO2 valorization to contribute to sustainable development. As it is also an abundant renewable C1 resource, CO2 can catalytically be converted into chemicals, energy products, and functional materials to achieve the resource utilisation process of “turning waste into treasure and utilising it in a high-value way”, providing an effective way to alleviate the dependence on fossil resources for the production of chemical products. These technologies play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in providing alternative feedstock to prepare essential products and substitute fossil fuel-based raw materials in several key industry sectors. Therefore, the research on CO2 chemistry for resource utilisation is of great significance and application prospect for sustainable development.
In general, CO2 valorization faces thermodynamic and kinetic challenges. In view of thermodynamic low-energy state of CO2, energy input is generally the basis for its conversion. And in consideration of the relative inertness of CO2 kinetics, activation of CO2 molecule to accelerate the reaction rate and improvement of product selectivity makes the conversion reaction feasible. We attempt to summarize and analyze the scientific basis of CO2 energy issue, activation mechanism and rational design of effective catalysts for CO2 conversion reactions from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Additionally, we propose corresponding CO2 transformation pathways. Rational design of catalysts based on activation and reaction mechanism is crucial to achieve selective conversion of CO2 into the desired products with full specificity. The development of appropriate conversion pathways and renewable energy-driven conversion reactions has become the frontier area and trend in this exciting field.
Based on the understanding of the activation principle of CO2 molecules and the analysis of the conversion pathway, this review comprehensively introduces the state of the art advancement on CO2 utilization and analyses the challenges faced in these fields. Firstly, the traditional thermocatalytic conversion and reaction types are summarised, and the main reaction types include CO2 catalytic hydrogenation reactions, new C–C/C–O bonds formation with CO2, and their cyclization reactions, such as carbonylation, carboxylation, cyclization, and reductive functionalization reactions. Electrocatalytic CO2 conversion can store excess renewable and clean electrical energy as chemical energy and achieve oxidation or reduction reactions directly through electron gain or loss, avoiding the use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants or reductants at source. Photocatalytic systems, on the other hand, satisfy the thermodynamic requirements needed for the reaction by absorbing high-energy photons into an excited state, and then complete the reaction by lowering the reaction overpotential or energy barrier through energy transfer, electron transfer, and photo-promoted hydrogen atom transfer. In this article, the electric and light-driven CO2 reduction and CO2-involved organic reactions are briefly introduced, along with the application of biocatalysis and plasma catalytic technologies in CO2 utilization, while strategies such as process coupling/intensification and relay catalysis are also emphasized accordingly. In summary, understanding those scientific fundaments would be a prerequisite to develop new reactions, methodologies and advanced technologies, thus resulting in facilitating production of CO2-derived products in a large scale in industry. As reported, we will not reach climate neutrality without carbon capture and utilization as climate-mitigating solutions.
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Since the industrial revolution, the growing global climate problem, caused by the gradual increase of CO2, the main greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, has prompted a large number of research and development projects to explore various methods of CO2 valorization to contribute to sustainable development. As it is also an abundant renewable C1 resource, CO2 can catalytically be converted into chemicals, energy products, and functional materials to achieve the resource utilisation process of “turning waste into treasure and utilising it in a high-value way”, providing an effective way to alleviate the dependence on fossil resources for the production of chemical products. These technologies play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in providing alternative feedstock to prepare essential products and substitute fossil fuel-based raw materials in several key industry sectors. Therefore, the research on CO2 chemistry for resource utilisation is of great significance and application prospect for sustainable development.
In general, CO2 valorization faces thermodynamic and kinetic challenges. In view of thermodynamic low-energy state of CO2, energy input is generally the basis for its conversion. And in consideration of the relative inertness of CO2 kinetics, activation of CO2 molecule to accelerate the reaction rate and improvement of product selectivity makes the conversion reaction feasible. We attempt to summarize and analyze the scientific basis of CO2 energy issue, activation mechanism and rational design of effective catalysts for CO2 conversion reactions from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Additionally, we propose corresponding CO2 transformation pathways. Rational design of catalysts based on activation and reaction mechanism is crucial to achieve selective conversion of CO2 into the desired products with full specificity. The development of appropriate conversion pathways and renewable energy-driven conversion reactions has become the frontier area and trend in this exciting field.
Based on the understanding of the activation principle of CO2 molecules and the analysis of the conversion pathway, this review comprehensively introduces the state of the art advancement on CO2 utilization and analyses the challenges faced in these fields. Firstly, the traditional thermocatalytic conversion and reaction types are summarised, and the main reaction types include CO2 catalytic hydrogenation reactions, new C–C/C–O bonds formation with CO2, and their cyclization reactions, such as carbonylation, carboxylation, cyclization, and reductive functionalization reactions. Electrocatalytic CO2 conversion can store excess renewable and clean electrical energy as chemical energy and achieve oxidation or reduction reactions directly through electron gain or loss, avoiding the use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants or reductants at source. Photocatalytic systems, on the other hand, satisfy the thermodynamic requirements needed for the reaction by absorbing high-energy photons into an excited state, and then complete the reaction by lowering the reaction overpotential or energy barrier through energy transfer, electron transfer, and photo-promoted hydrogen atom transfer. In this article, the electric and light-driven CO2 reduction and CO2-involved organic reactions are briefly introduced, along with the application of biocatalysis and plasma catalytic technologies in CO2 utilization, while strategies such as process coupling/intensification and relay catalysis are also emphasized accordingly. In summary, understanding those scientific fundaments would be a prerequisite to develop new reactions, methodologies and advanced technologies, thus resulting in facilitating production of CO2-derived products in a large scale in industry. As reported, we will not reach climate neutrality without carbon capture and utilization as climate-mitigating solutions.
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Fundamental science for carbon dioxide valorization and its transformation pathways
